A tiny atom for measuring proton structure
Muonic hydrogen, usually written $\mu p$, is a bound state of a negative muon and a proton. It is chemically analogous to hydrogen, but the muon is about two hundred times heavier than the electron. The Bohr orbit is therefore much smaller, and the muon wave function overlaps strongly with the proton.
This large overlap amplifies the effect of the proton's finite size on the atomic energy levels. The Lamb shift is mainly sensitive to the proton charge radius, while the ground-state hyperfine splitting (HFS) is sensitive to the combined spatial distributions of charge and magnetization. Measuring both provides complementary information on proton structure. [1], [2]