Watching a microscopic compass inside matter
Muon spin rotation, relaxation, and resonance (μSR) use spin-polarized muons as microscopic magnetic probes. A positive muon implanted into a material stops at an interstitial site and experiences the local magnetic and electronic environment. Its spin then precesses, relaxes, or can be driven resonantly by an applied oscillating field.
The key feature is that the muon carries its own clock and spin analyzer. After an average lifetime of about 2.2 μs it decays, and the positron emission direction is correlated with the muon-spin direction. Recording the positron time and angle therefore reconstructs the time evolution of the spin polarization inside the sample. [1], [2]