A simple decay with fundamental significance
The muon is an unstable elementary particle that decays through the weak interaction. Its mean lifetime is about 2.2 μs: long enough to follow the decay experimentally, but short enough that a large number of decays can be accumulated in an accelerator experiment. For a positive muon, the dominant decay is $\mu^+\rightarrow e^+ + \nu_e + \bar{\nu}_\mu$.
Measuring the exponential decay time distribution with very high precision determines the strength of the charged-current weak interaction. The muon lifetime is therefore not only a property of the muon itself; it is one of the cleanest experimental inputs for the Fermi coupling constant $G_F$ and for precision tests of the electroweak Standard Model. [1], [2]