Muons as microscopic probes
Spin-polarized muons are widely used as microscopic magnetic probes. After a positive muon stops in a material, its spin evolves in the local magnetic field. The spin motion is reconstructed from the angular distribution of positrons emitted when the muon decays. This is the basis of muon spin rotation, relaxation, and resonance (μSR).
Conventional μSR mainly uses surface muons with a kinetic energy of about 4 MeV. These beams are intense, nearly fully polarized, and highly useful for bulk materials. Their high energy, however, also means that the muons typically penetrate too deeply for nanometer-scale thin films, surfaces, and buried interfaces. [1], [2]