Top page ＞ Scope

• Production of the radioactive isotopes (along N=Z, n-rich isotopes, VHE and SHE)
• Option with pre-separator
• Option without pre-separator
• Gas cell: I) collection on a filament, II) with exit hole
• Gas jet formation
• Differential pumping
• RF ion guide
• Lasers
• Resonant ionization spectroscopy
• Detection
• Analysis of laser ionization spectroscopy data

Production of the radioactive isotopes (along N = Z, n-rich isotopes, VHE and SHE)

Optimal beam/target reaction channels, cross sections, expected secondary beam intensities

GSI  -  Research Program of the Reaction Mechanisms Group
ISOLDE Yield Database

Experiments

• H.M. Devaraja et al.
  Population of nuclides with Z ≥ 98 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions of ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁸Cm
  European Physical Journal A 55, 25 (2019)
• Y.X. Watanabe, Y.H. Kim, S.C. Jeong et al.
  Pathway for the Production of Neutron-Rich Isotopes around the N = 126 Shell Closure
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 172503
• J.S. Barrett, W. Loveland, R. Yanez et al.
  ¹³⁶Xe + ²⁰⁸Pb reaction: A test of models of multinucleon transfer reactions
  Phys. Rev. C 91 (2015) 064615
• O. Beliuskina, S. Heinz, V. Zagrebaev et al.
  On the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes along the N = 126 shell in multinucleon transfer reactions
  European Physical Journal A 50 (2014) 161
• E.M. Kozulin, E. Vardaci, G.N. Knyazheva et al.
  Mass distributions of the system ¹³⁶Xe + ²⁰⁸Pb at laboratory energies around the Coulomb barrier: A candidate reaction for the production of neutron-rich nuclei at N = 126
  Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 044611
• L. Corradi, G. Pollarolo and S. Szilner
  Multinucleon transfer processes in heavy-ion reactions
  J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 36 (2009) 113101

 

Theories

• A.V. Karpov and V.V. Saiko
  Modeling near-barrier collisions of heavy ions based on a Langevin-type approach
  Phys. Rev. C 96, 024618 (2017)
• R. Yanez and W. Loveland
  Predicting the production of neutron-rich heavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions using a semi-classical model including evaporation and fission competition, GRAZING-F
  Physical review C 91 (2015) 044608
• V. Zagrebaev and W. Greiner
  Production of new heavy isotopes in low-energy multinucleon transfer reactions
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 122701
• C.H. Dasso, G. Pollarolo and A. Winther
  Systematics of isotope production with radioactive beams
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 1907-1910

Which nuclei (elements) should have priority for the studies (proposals, LOI’s, ongoing plans)?

• P. Delahaye et al.
  The MORA project
  arXiv: 1812.02970 (2018)
• S.C. Jeong et al.
  KISS: KEK isotope separation system for β-decay spectroscopy —Toward the full understanding of r-process nucleosynthesis— (R&D program for upgrade of the TRIAC research capabilities)
  KEK Report 2010-2 (2010)

Use of long-lived radioactive sources (cf. Fm study, actinides)

• I. Pohjalainen, I.D. Moore and T. Sajavaara
  

  Characterization of ²³³U alpha recoil sources for ^229(m)Th beam production
  arXiv:1903.10359 (2019)

• V. Sonnenschein, I.D. Moore, S. Raeder et al.
  

  The search for the existence of ^229mTh at IGISOL
  Eur. Phys. J. A 48 (2012) 52

• V. Sonnenschein, S. Raeder et al.
  

  Determination of the ground-state hyperfine structure in neutral ²²⁹Th
  J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 45 (2012) 165005

• S. Raeder, V. Sonnenschein et al.
  Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes-towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th
  J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (2011) 165005

 

Target preparation

• R. Haas et al.
  Development and characterization of a Drop-on-Demand inkjet printing system for nuclear target fabrication
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 874, 43 (2017)

 

Option with pre-separator

S3 at GANIL  -  GANIL WEB PRO USERS
RIKEN  -  GARIS
MARA (Mass Analysing Recoil Apparatus) — Fysiikan laitos

 

• P. Papadakis et al.
  Development of a low-energy radioactive ion beam facility for the MARA separator
  Hyperfine Interact. 237, 152 (2016)
• R. Ferrer, B. Bastin, D. Boilley et al.
  In gas laser ionization and spectroscopy experiments at the Superconducting Separator Spectrometer (S³): Conceptual studies and preliminary design
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 317 (2013) 570-581

 

Option without pre-separator

Total energy deposited in the gas cell / charge creation in the gas cell

• Y. Hirayama, Y.X. Watanabe, N. Imai et al.
  Laser ion source for multi-nucleon transfer reaction products
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 353 (2015) 4--15
• I.D. Moore, T. Eronen, D. Gorelov et al.
  Towards commissioning the new IGISOL-4 facility
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 317 (2013) 208
• I.D. Moore, T. Kessler, T. Sonoda et al.
  A study of on-line gas cell processes at IGISOL
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 268 (2010) 657-670
• M. Facina, B. Bruyneel, S. Dean et al.
  A gas cell for thermalizing, storing and transportig radioactive ions and atoms. Part II: On-line studies with a laser ion source
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 226 (2004) 401-418
• Yu. Kudryavtsev, M. Facina, M. Huyse, J. Gentens, P. Van den Bergh and P. Van Duppen
  Beams of isotopes produced at LISOL by laser ionization after thermalization of energetic ions in a gas cell
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 204 (2003) 336-342
• M. Huyse, M. Facina, Yu. Kudryavtsev, P. Van Duppen and ISOLDE collaboration
  Intensity limitations of a gas cell for stopping, storing and guiding of radioactive ions
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 187 (2002) 535-547
• Yu. Kudryavtsev, B. Bruyneel, M. Huyse et al.
  A gas cell for thermalizing, storing and transporting radioactive ions and atoms. Part I: Off-line studies with a laser ion source
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 179 (2001) 412-435

 

Dual gas cell

• Yu. Kudryavtsev et. al
  Dual chamber laser ion source at LISOL
  Nucl. Instr. Methods B 267 (2009) 2908-2917

 

Gas cell: I) collection on a filament, II) with exit hole

Stopping of atoms, diffusion losses and flow simulations: which programs are validated?

• A. Al-Adili, K. Jansson, M. Lantz et al.
  

  Simulations of the fission-product stopping efficiency in IGISOL
  Eur. Phys. J. A 51 (2015), 59

• Yu. Kudryavtsev et. al
  Dual chamber laser ion source at LISOL
  Nucl. Instr. Methods B 267 (2009) 2908-2917

Gas type/pressure/purity

• I. Pohjalainen, I.D. Moore, T. Eronen, A. Jokinen, H. Penttilä, S. Rinta-Antila
  Gas purification studies at IGISOL-4
  Hyperfine Interact. 227 (2014), 169-180; DOI 10.1007/s10751-013-1006-3
• A. Saastamoninen, I.D. Moore, M. Ranjan et al.
  Characterization of a cryogenic ion guide at IGISOL
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 685 (2012) 70-77
• T. Kessler, I.D. Moore, Y. Kudryavtsev et al.
  Off-line studies of the laser ionization of yttrium at the IGISOL facility
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 266 (2008) 681-700
• Yu. Kudryavtsev et al.
  A gas cell for thermalizing, storing and transporting radioactive ions and atoms. Part I: Off-line studies with a laser ion source
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 179 (2001) 412-435

Chemistry (atom, ion and molecular): irradiation with UV light to dissociate the molecules(?), in-jet dissociation

• Y. Nagano et al.
  "Laser photoelectron spectroscopic determination of electronic states of Fe atoms produced in multiphoton dissociation of Fe(Co)₅ in the gas phase"
  J. Chem. Phys. 84 (1986) 1063-1070
• J.A. Horsley et al.
  "Laser Chemistry Experiments with UF₆"
  IEEE Journal of quantum electronics, vol. QE-16, 4 (1980), 412-419
• D.P. Gerrity, L.J. Rothberg and V. Vaida
  "Multiphoton ionization of metal atoms produced in the photodissociation of group VI hexacarbonyls"
  Chemical Physics Lett. 74 (1980) 1-5
• P. Kolodner, C. Winterfeld and E. Yablonovitch
  "Molecular dissociation of SF₆ by ultra-short CO₂ laser pulses"
  Opt. Comm. 20 (1976) 119-122

Optimization the gas cell configuration for stopping, fast evacuation and limited losses / gas-flow simulations

• Y. Hirayama et al.
  Doughnut-shaped gas cell for KEK Isotope Separation System
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 412, 11--18 (2017)
• T. Sonoda et al.
  Development of a resonant laser ionization gas cell for high-energy, short-lived nuclei
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 295 (2013) 1-10
• Yu. Kudryavtsev et. al
  Dual chamber laser ion source at LISOL
  Nucl. Instr. Methods B 267 (2009) 2908-2917

Ion surfing transport

• F. Arai, Y. Ito, M. Wada, P. Schury, T. Sonoda, H. Mita
  Investigation of the ion surfing transport method with a circular rf carpet
  Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 362 (2014) 56-58

 

Gas jet formation

• Yu. Kudryavtsev, P. Creemers, R. Ferrer et al.
  A new in-gas-laser ionization and spectroscopy laboratory for off-line studies at KU Leuven
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 376 (2016) 345-352
• Yu. Kudryavtsev et al.
  The in-gas-jet laser ion source: Resonance ionization spectroscopy of radioactive atoms in supersonic gas jets
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 297 (2013) 7-22
• M. Reponen et al.
  Gas jet studies towards an optimization of the IGISOL LIST method
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 635 (2011) 24-34

 

Differential pumping

• T. Sonoda et al.
  Development of a resonant laser ionization gas cell for high-energy, short-lived nuclei
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 295 (2013) 1-10

 

Pumping speed

 

RF ion guide

Configuration (bend)

• Yu. Kudryavtsev et al.
  The in-gas-jet laser ion source: Resonance ionization spectroscopy of radioactive atoms in supersonic gas jets
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 297 (2013) 7-22

 

Space charge limitations

• P. Karvonen, I.D. Moore, T. Sonoda et al.
  "A sextupole ion beam guide to improve the efficiency and beam quality at IGISOL"
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 266 (2008) 4794-4807

 

Lasers

Laser Control System For Radioactive Beams

 

• V. Sonnenschein et al.
  Characterization of a pulsed injectionlocked Ti:sapphire laser and its application to high resolution resonance ionization spectroscopy of copper
  Laser Physics 27, 085701 (2017)

• V. Sonnenschein, I.D. Moore et al.
  Intracavity frequency doubling and difference frequency mixing for pulsed ns Ti:sapphire laser systems at on-line radioactive beam facilities
  JSPS conference proceedings (2015)
• V. Sonnenschein
  Laser developments and high resolution resonance ionization spectroscopy of actinide elements
  Ph.D. thesis, University of Jyväskylä, 2015
• V. Sonnenschein, I.D. Moore, H. Khan, I. Pohjalainen, M. Reponen
  Characterization of a dual-etalon Ti:sapphire laser via resonance ionization spectroscopy of stable copper isotopes
  Hyperfine Interact. 227 (2014), 113-123; DOI 10.1007/s10751-013-1000-9
• R. Ferrer et al.
  Performance of a high repetition pulse rate laser system for in-gas-jet laser ionization studies with the Leuven laser ion source @ LISOL
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 291 (2012) 29-37
• M. Reponen
  Resonance laser ionization developments for IGISOL-4
  Ph. D. thesis, University of Jyväskylä (2012)
• M. Reponen, I.D. Moore et al.
  Laser developments and resonance ionization spectroscopy at IGISOL
  Eur. Phys. J. A 48 (2012) 45
• V.N. Fedosseev, L.-E. Berg, D.V. Fedorov et al.
  Upgrade of the resonance ionization laser ion source at ISOLDE on-line isotope separation facility: New lasers and new ion beams
  Review of Scientific Instruments 83 (2012) 02A903

 

Spectral properties: range and band width

• S. Geldhof et al.
  Development of a saturated absorption spectroscopy setup at IGISOL for characterisation of Fabry-Pérot interferometers
  Hyperfine Interact. 238, 7 (2017)

 

Laser cooling

• A. Giatzoglou et al.
  A facility for production and laser cooling of cesium isotopes and isomers
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 908, 367 (2018)

 

Laser ion source

• M. Reponen et al.
  An inductively heated hot cavity catcher laser ion source
  Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 123501 (2015)

 

Resonant ionization spectroscopy

• P. Campbell, I.D. Moore and M.R. Pearson
  Laser spectroscopy for nuclear structure physics
  Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86 (2016), 127-180

 

Two subsequent strategies

in-gas cell: broad scans (power and pressure broadening)

• I. Pohjalainen, I.D. Moore, T. Kron et al.
  In-gas-cell laser ionization studies of plutonium isotopes at IGISOL
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 376 (2016) 233
• R. Ferrer, N. Bree, T.E. Cocolios et al.
  In-gas-cell laser ionization spectroscopy in the vicinity of ¹⁰⁰Sn: Magnetic moments and mean-square charge radii of N = 50-54 Ag
  Phys. Lett. B 728 (2014) 191-197
• M. Mukai, Y. Hirayama, S.C. Jeong et al.
  In-gas-cell laser ion source for KEK isotope separation system
  Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 (2014) 02B906

 

in-gas jet: high-resolution spectroscopy

• A. Zadvornaya et al.
  Characterization of Supersonic Gas Jets for High-Resolution Laser Ionization Spectroscopy of Heavy Elements
  Phys. Rev. X 8, 041108 (2018)

• C. Granados et al.
  In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy of actinuium isotope near the N = 126 closed shell
  Phys. Rev. C 96, 054331 (2017)

• R. Ferrer et al.
  Nature Commun. 8, 14520
• S. Raeder, B. Bastin, M. Block et al.
  Developments towards in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy studies of actinium isotopes at LISOL
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 376 (2016) 382-387
• Yu. Kudryavtsev, R. Ferrer, M. Huyse, P. Van den Bergh, P. Van Duppen, L. Vermeeren
  Two-step laser ionization schemes for in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy of radioactive isotopes
  Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 (2014) 02B915
• R. Ferrer et al.
  Performance of a high repetition pulse rate laser system for in-gas-jet laser ionization studies with the Leuven laser ion source @ LISOL
  

  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 291 (2012) 29-37

 

High-resolution laser spectroscopy using weak transition to long-lived excited states

• R.P. de Groote et al.
  Efficient, high-resolution resonance laser ionization spectroscopy using weak transitions to long-lived excited states
  Phys. Rev. A 95, 032502 (2017)

 

Optimal geometrical approaches for high-resolution laser ionization spectroscopy in the gas jet

• Yu. Kudryavtsev et al.
  The in-gas-jet laser ion source: Resonance ionization spectroscopy of radioactive atoms in supersonic gas jets
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 297 (2013) 7-22
• M. Reponen et al.
  Gas jet studies towards an optimization of the IGISOL LIST method
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 635 (2011) 24-34

 

N-type multiphoton Raman resonance

• S.J. Park et al.
  Efficient ionization of atomic tin assisted by N-type multiphoton Raman resonances
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 414, 79 (2018)

 

Isotope shift

• L.J. Vormawah et al.
  Isotope shifts from collinear laser spectroscopy of doubly charged yttrium isotopes
  Phys. Rev. A 97, 042504 (2018)

 

Detection

TOF mass analyzer: multi reflecting (intensity limit?)

• M. Rosenbusch et al.
  New mass anchor points for neutron-deficient heavy nuclei from direct mass measurements of radium and actinium isotopes
  Phys. Rev. C 97, 064306 (2018)
• S. Kimura et al.
  Atomic masses of intermediate-mass neutron-deficient nuclei with relative uncertainty down to 35-ppb via multireflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph
  Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 430, 134 (2018)
• Y. Ito et al.
  First Direct Mass Measurements of Nuclides around Z = 100 with a Multireflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrograph
  Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 152501 (2018)
• P. Schury et al.
  First online multireflection time-of-flight mass measurements of isobar chains produced by fusion-evaporation reactions: Toward identification of superheavy elements via mass spectroscopy
  Phys. Rev. C 95, 011305(R) (2017)
• P. Schury, M. Wada, Y. Ito et al.
  A high-resolution multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph for precision mass measurements at RIKEN/SLOWRI
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 335 (2014), 39-53
• P. Schury, Y. Ito, M. Wada, H. Wollnik
  Wide-band mass measurements with a multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph
  Int. Jour. Mass Spec. 359 (2014) 19-25
• P. Schury et al.
  A multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph for short-lived and super-heavy nuclei
  Nuclear Instr. Methods B317 (2013) 537-543

 

Trap

• D. Nesterenko et al.
  Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance technique at the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer
  Eur. Phys. J. A 54, 154 (2018)
• S. Kelly et al.
  Laser spectroscopy with an electrostatic ConeTrap
  Hyperfine Interact. 238, 42 (2017)

 

β-γ spectroscopy

• M. Mukai et al.
  High-efficiency and low-background multi-segmented proportional gas counter for β-decay spectroscopy
  Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 884, 1 (2018)

 

Analysis of laser ionization spectroscopy data

• W. Gins et al.
  Analysis of counting data: Development of the SATLAS Python package
  Computer Physics Communications 222, 286 (2018)

• A. Voss et al.
  High-resolution laser spectroscopy of long-lived plutonium isotopes
  Phys. Rev. A 95, 032506 (2017)