SCI.PHYSICS$B$G7+$jJV$78=$o$l$k - Part 4/4 -


[ $B$O$8$a$K(B | $BL\ | part1 | part2 | part3 | part4 ]
Archive-name: physics-faq-j/part4
X-Original-Last-modified: 31-MAY-1994
Last-modified: 27-JUL-1994

> From: sichase@csa2.lbl.gov (SCOTT I CHASE)
> Subject: Sci.Physics Frequently Asked Questions (4/4) - Particles/SR/Quantum
> Date: 3 Jul 1994 12:54 PST
> Message-ID: <3JUL199412543101@csa5.lbl.gov>

$B$3$N%P!<%8%g%s$GK]Lu$5$l$F$$$k9`L\(B $B9`L\(B 23. $BFC $BK]Lu$B8w;R$N $BK]LuEPR$B%Q%i%I%C%/%9$H%Y%k$NITEy<0$N86M}(B $BK]Lu $B9`L\(B 23. $BFC $B.F;6q$N2r@b!#(B40m$B$ND9$5$NC<$O<+F0Hb$G!"%9%$%C%A(B $B$K$h$C$FF1;~$K3+JD$G$-$^$9!#$^$?(B80m$B$ND9$5$N4H$,$"$j$^$9!#$b$A$m$s!"$3(B $B$l$O/$7C;$/$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B $B$G$9$+$i!"4H$,J}$NHb$rJD$a$^$9!#$b$A$m$s$9$0$KHb$r3+$1$^$9$,!">/$J$/$H$b(B $B$"$k=V4V$K$O=L$s$@4H$Ol$+$i9M$($F8+$^$7$g$&!#AvJ}$NHb$,(B $B$7$^$k$H!"4H$O3NN)$9$k$3$H$O$"$jF@$^$;$s!#$3$l$,!V4H$HOCf$G!VF1;~!W$H$$$&8@MU$r8mMQ$7$F$$(B $B$?$3$H$K1#$5$l$F$$$^$9!#FCl=j(B $B$G$N=PMh;v$J$N$G$9!#(B $BFCo$K4H$K$OM>M5$,$"$k$o$1$G$9!#fIW$G$7$?!#!VF1(B $B;~!W$,J*M}$G$OITJQ$G$J$$$3$H$rK:$l$J$$$G2<$5$$!#(B References: Taylor and Wheeler's _Spacetime Physics_ is the classic. Feynman's _Lectures_ are interesting as well. ******************************************************************************** $B9`L\(B 23. $BFCeL>A0$r#A>n$H#B>n$K$7$^$9!#Fs?M$OFCn$,$"$k7h?4$r$7$F1'Ch$KN9N)$A$^$7$?!#;~4V#T$N4V8wB.$K(B $B6a$$B.$5$GF0$-!"$=$N8e$KCO5e$K5"4T$7$^$9!#$=$N4V!"#A>n$O2K$@$C$?$N$G!"(B $B0lF|Cf2H$G%M%C%H%o!<%/%K%e!<%9$K%]%9%H$7$F$$$^$7$?!##B>n$,5"$C$F$-$?$H(B $B$-!"$I$&$J$C$F$$$k$G$7$g$&!)#A>n$O!"AjBPE*$KF0$$$F$$$k#B>n$N;~4V$OFCn$,CO5e$KLa$C$F$-$?$H$-#A>n$h$j(B $Bn$K$7$F$_$k$H>u67$O0c$&$N$G$9!#H`=w$O%M%C%H%o!<%/$rFx$o$7$F$k5<(B $B;w2J3Xn$+$i8+$l$P!"8wB.$K6a$$B.$5$GF0$$$F$$$k$N$O#A>n$NJ}$J$N$G$9$+$i!"2H(B $B$K5"$l$P#A>n$,<+J,$h$j5CN$N>e$J$N$G$9!#!VHa$7(B $B$$$1$I!"$7$P$i$/@E$+$K$9$4$;$k$3$H$NJ}$,Bg;v$@$o!#!W$H;W$C$F$$$k$N$G$7(B $B$?!#(B $B7kO@$O$I$&$J$k$N$G$7$g$&!)AP;R$N$I$A$i$,K\Ev$Kn$H#B>n$NDL$C$?7PO)!J$$$o$f$k@$3&@~!K$rDj5A$7$^$9!#Nc$($P!"#A>n$N@$3&(B $B@~$O(B(ct,0,0,0)$B$GI=$5$l!"#B>n$N@$3&@~$O(B(ct,f(t),0,0)$B$GI=$5$l$^$9!J$3$3(B $B$G!"CO5e>e$G$N@E;_7O$O47@-7O$G$"$k$H2>Dj$7$^$9!K!#>e$N5-K!$O!";~9o(B t $B$K$*$$$F#A>n$N0LCV$O(B(x1,x2,x3)=(0,0,0)$B$G$"$j!"#B>n$N0LCV$O(B(x1,x2,x3)= (f(t),0,0)$B$G$"$k$H$$$&0UL#$G$9!#$b$A$m$s>o$K:BI87O#S$+$i8+$?I=<($G$9!#(B $B#A>n$H#B>n$O;~9o(Bt1$B$KF1$8>l=j$K$$$F!"$=$N8e;~9o(Bt2$B$G$bF1$8>l=j$K$$$k$H2>(B $BDj$7$^$9!#Fs?M$O9b@:EY$N;~7W$r;}$C$F$$$F!";~9o(Bt1$B$K$*$$$F?K$r(B0$B$K9g$o$;(B $B$F$"$k$H$7$^$9!#9b@:EY$H$$$&0UL#$O!";~7W$N@:EY$,2CB.$J$I$KBP$7$F5!3#E*(B $B$K1F6A$5$l$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#!NM}O@>e!"%_%e!<%*%s$N=8CD$r;H$C$F$3$N$h(B $B$&$J4o6q$r:n$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#!JC10L;~4V$O%_%e!<%*%s$NH>8:4|$G$9!#!K!O(B $B;~9o(Bt2$B$G;~7W$N?K$,$5$9;~4V(BT$B$N@5$7$$I=8=$O2<$N$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#!N#2HVL\(B $B$N7A$O#1HVL\$N$KHf$Y$F0lHL@-$r$d$d7g$-$^$9$,!"Dj$7$J$1$l(B $B$P$$$1$J$$$+$i$G$9!#$3$N2rZ$O5f6KE*$K$O$N$9$Y$F$N>l9g!"Ho@QJ,4X?t$O>o$K(B1$B0J2<$J$N$G!"(BT $B$O87L)$K(B t2-t1 $B$h$j>.$5$/$J$j$^$9!#7kO@!'N99T$r$7$?#B>n$NJ}$,e!"$b$7(B $BH`=w$,$[$H$s$I$N;~4V$r0lDj$NB.EY(Bv$B$GF0$$$?>l9g!J2CB.$7$F$$$k;~4V$OA4N9(B $B9T4|4V$KHf$Y$FC;$$$H$7$^$9!K!"6a;wE*$K(B $B!2!2!2!2!2(B T=(t2-t1)$B-u(B1-[v/c]^2 (2) $B$H$J$j$^$9!#$3$NI=8=$O0lDj$NB.$5(Bv$B$G0l<~N99T!J$9$J$o$A!"1_!K$9$k>l9g$K(B $BBP$7$F$b@.$jN)$A$^$9!#!N;~9o(Bt1$B$H(Bt2$B$K$*$$$F!"#B>n$O#A>n$N$=$P$rDL2a$7!"(B $B$=$N;~Fs?M$O;~7W$rHf$Y$^$9!#!O(B $B:#$NOC$rM}2r$9$k>e$GBg;v$JFCl$O2?$i%Q(B $B%i%I%C%/%9$r@8$^$J$$$3$H$,$o$+$j$^$9!#$;$$$<$$l$G9M$($?$$$H;W$&$+$b$7$l$^$;$s$,!"AP;R$NN)>l$OBP>N$G(B $B$O$b$A$m$s$"$j$^$;$s!##A>n$,>o$K@E;_$7$F$$$k$h$&$J47@-:BI87O$rA*$V$3$H(B $B$O$G$-$^$9$,!"#B>n$O$G$-$^$;$s!#!N$^$?!"7A<0(B(1)$B$O2CB.EY1?F0$7$F$$$k7O(B $B$G$O@.$jN)$A$^$;$s!O!#$3$N;v$O#2$D$NN)>l$N$_$+$1$NBP>N@-$rGK$k$b$N$G$9!#(B $B$=$7$F!"?t3X$r;H$o$J$/$F$b!"AP;R$N$I$A$i$+$,N9$N=*$o$j$G$O3N$+$Ke$NI=8=$r;H$($PNI$$$@$1$G$9!#$=$7$F!"3N$+$K#B>n$NJ}$,H`=w<+?H$NM=(B $BA[$KH?$7$FO(B ($B%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$dFC$B9`L\(B 23. $BFC$B9`L\(B 24. $B%H%C%W!&%/%)!<%/(B $B:G=*99?7(B: 26-APR-1994 by SIC ---------------- $B86Cx$B9`L\(B 25. $B%?%-%*%s(B $B:G=*99?7(B: 22-MAR-1993 by SIC -------- $B86Cx$B9`L\(B 26. $BAGN3;R$NF0J*1`(B $B:G=*99?7(B 9-OCT-1992 by SIC -------------- $B86Cx$B9`L\(B 27. $B86Cxe$+2<$+!)(B ------------------------------ This question has never been subject to a successful direct experiment. In other words, nobody has ever directly measured the gravititational acceleration of antimatter. So the bottom line is that we don't know yet. However, there is a lot more to say than just that, with regard to both theory and experiment. Here is a summary of the current state of affairs. (1) Is is even theoretically possible for antimatter to fall up? Answer: According to GR, antimatter falls down. If you believe that General Relativity is the exact true theory of gravity, then there is only one possible conclusion - by the equivalence principle, antiparticles must fall down with the same acceleration as normal matter. On the other hand: there are other models of gravity which are not ruled out by direct experiment which are distinct from GR in that antiparticles can fall down at different rates than normal matter, or even fall up, due to additional forces which couple to the mass of the particle in ways which are different than GR. Some people don't like to call these new couplings 'gravity.' They call them, generically, the 'fifth force,' defining gravity to be only the GR part of the force. But this is mostly a semantic distinction. The bottom line is that antiparticles won't fall like normal particles if one of these models is correct. There are also a variety of arguments, based upon different aspects of physics, against the possibility of antigravity. These include constraints imposed by conservation of energy (the "Morrison argument"), the detectable effects of virtual antiparticles (the "Schiff argument"), and the absense of gravitational effect in kaon regeneration experiments. Each of these does in fact rule out *some* models of antigravity. But none of them absolutely excludes all possible models of antigravity. See the reference below for all the details on these issues. (2) Haven't people done experiments to study this question? There are no valid *direct* experimental tests of whether antiparticles fall up or down. There was one well-known experiment by Fairbank at Stanford in which he tried to measure the fall of positrons. He found that they fell normally, but later analyses of his experiment revealed that he had not accounted for all the sources of stray electromagnetic fields. Because gravity is so much weaker than EM, this is a difficult experimental problem. A modern assessment of the Fairbank experiment is that it was inconclusive. In order to reduce the effect of gravity, it would be nice to repeat the Fairbank experiment using objects with the same magnitude of electric charge as positrons, but with much more mass, to increase the relative effect of gravity on the motion of the particle. Antiprotons are 1836 times more massive than positrons, so give you three orders of magnitude more sensitivity. Unfortunately, making many slow antiprotons which you can watch fall is very difficult. An experiment is under development at CERN right now to do just that, and within the next couple of years the results should be known. Most people expect that antiprotons *will* fall. But it is important to keep an open mind - we have never directly observed the effect of gravity on antiparticles. This experiment, if successful, will definitely be "one for the textbooks." Reference: Nieto and Goldman, "The Arguments Against 'Antigravity' and the Gravitational Acceleration of Antimatter," Physics Reports, v.205, No. 5, p.221. ******************************************************************************** $B9`L\(B 28. $B8w;R$Ne$NLdBj$K$7$+$9$.$^$;$s$,!"J*M}3Xe$H$F$b(B $BJXMx$@$+$i!":#$G$O$3$NDj5A$r;H$$$^$9!#J*BN$N!VAjBPO@E*A0$rM?$($kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B $B!VAjBPO@E*$KI8=`E*$JN$G$"$j!"$B9`L\(B 29. $B86Cx$B9`L\(B 30. 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$BB?$/$N%Q%i%a%?$r$b$C$F$$$k$H$9$kIAA|$K$h$l$P!"=V4VE*$J1s3V:nMQ$J$I$H(B $B$$$&$b$N$r$b$A$3$`I,MW$,$J$$!#NL;RNO3X$NAO@_uBV$K$"$k(B2$B8w;R$r9M$($h$&!#(B2$B$D$N8w;R$,1s$/N%$l$?8e!"(B $B3F!9$N8w;R$O6u4V$N(B3$B$D$N<4$KBP$7$F$=$l$>$l%9%T%sCM$r$b$C$F$$$k(B $B$O$:$G$"$k!#$=$7$F3F%9%T%s$O!">e8~$-!"$"$k$$$O!"2<8~$-!"(B2$BCM$N$I$A$i(B $B$+$r$H$k!#(B3$B<4$r(BA,B,C$B$H$7$F!"(BA$B<4$K>e8~$-$N%9%T%s$r$b$D$3$H$r(B A+$B$H!"$=$7$F$=$&$G$J$1$l$P(BA-$B$HI=$=$&!#B>$N(B2$B<4$K4X$7$F$bF1MM$N(B $B5-K!$rMQ$$$k!#(B $B$G$O;W9M$K(B EPR$B$,@5$7$$$H$9$k$H!"3F!9$N8w;R$OF1;~$K(BA,B,C$B$N(B3$B<4$N%9%T%s$,(B $BDj$^$C$F$$$k$O$:$G$"$k!#(B $B$G$OE}7W$r8+$F$_$h$&!#2?EY$b8w;R$N=89g$KBP$7$FF1$8B,Dj$r$9$k$N$G(B $B$"$k!#(B A+$B$+$D(BB-$B$K$"$k8w;R$N?t$r(B N(A+,B-) $B$H$$$&5-9f$GI=$9$3$H$K(B $B$9$k!#F1$8$h$&$K(B N(A+,B+), N(B-,C+) $B$J$I$bDj5A$9$k!#$^$?!"(B A+, B-, C+ $B$K$J$C$F$$$k8w;R$N?t$r(B N(A+,B-,C+)$B$GI=$9$3$H$K$9$k!#(B $B8w;R$N=89g$K$D$$$F(B (1) N(A+,B-) = N(A+,B-,C+) + N(A+,B-,C-) $B$,@.N)$9$k$3$H$r<($9$N$O4JC1$G$"$k!#$J$<$J$i!"$9$Y$F$N(B (A+,B-,C+)$B$H$9$Y$F$N(B(A+,B-,C-)$B$N8w;R$O(B(A+,B-)$B$N=89g$K4^$^$l$F(B $B$$$F!"(BN(A+,B-)$B$K$O$=$l0J30$N$b$N$O4^$^$l$J$$$+$i$G$"$k!#(B $B$3$NB,Dj$,!"8w;R$N!VB,$kA0$+$i7h$C$F$$$k!W$K2DG=$JAH$_9g$;$K$D$$$F(B $B$bF1MM$N5-9f$rDj5A$9$k!#$3$l$,B,$k$3$H$N$G$-$kA4$F$G$"$k$+$iI,MW$G(B $B$"$k!#F1$88w;R$N(BA$B$H(BB$B$NN>J}$rB,$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#%Y%k$O!"Z5r$rM?$($k$+$I$&$+$r(B $B%A%'%C%/$G$-$k$h$&$JZ$9$k$K$OIT==J,$G$"$k$H$$$&O@J8$,(B $B=P$5$l$?!#%"%9%Z$O8w;RBP$N8!=P$N4V$N;~4VCY1d$rB,$C$?!#(B $B7h$a2A$7$?!#(B $BNL;RNO3X$O!"(B2$B$D$N8!=P$N4V$KN3;R$,!V2?=h$K!W$$$k$+$K$D$$$F2>Dj$r(B $B$*$/$3$H$r5v$5$J$$!#N3;R$,JP8w4o$rDL2a$9$k$N$,!V$$$D$+!W$H$$$&(B $B$3$H$r!"JP8w4o$N!V0LCV!W$K$*$$$FN3;R$r8!=P$7$J$$8B$jCN$k$3$H$O(B $B$G$-$J$$!#(B $B%Y%k$NITEy<0$re$K6=(B $BL#?<$$F6;!$rM?$($F$/$l$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(B $B;29MJ88%(B: 1. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, N. Rosen: "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?" Physical Review 41, 777 (15 May 1935). (The original EPR paper) 2. D. Bohm: Quantum Theory, Dover, New York (1957). (Bohm discusses some of his ideas concerning hidden variables.) 3. N. Herbert: Quantum Reality, Doubleday. (A very good popular treatment of EPR and related issues) 4. M. Gardner: Science - Good, Bad and Bogus, Prometheus Books. (Martin Gardner gives a skeptics view of the fringe science associated with EPR.) 5. J. Gribbin: In Search of Schrodinger's Cat, Bantam Books. (A popular treatment of EPR and the paradox of "Schrodinger's cat" that results from the Copenhagen interpretation) 6. N. Bohr: "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?" Physical Review 48, 696 (15 Oct 1935). (Niels Bohr's response to EPR) 7. J. Bell: "On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox" Physics 1 #3, 195 (1964). 8. J. Bell: "On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics" Reviews of Modern Physics 38 #3, 447 (July 1966). 9. D. Bohm, J. Bub: "A proposed solution of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics by a hidden variable theory" Reviews of Modern Physics 38 #3, 453 (July 1966). 10. B. DeWitt: "Quantum mechanics and reality" Physics Today p. 30 (Sept 1970). 11. J. Clauser, A. Shimony: "Bell's theorem: experimental tests and implications" Rep. Prog. Phys. 41, 1881 (1978). 12. A. Aspect, Dalibard, Roger: "Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time- varying analyzers" Physical Review Letters 49 #25, 1804 (20 Dec 1982). 13. A. Aspect, P. Grangier, G. Roger: "Experimental realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm gedankenexperiment; a new violation of Bell's inequalities" Physical Review Letters 49 #2, 91 (12 July 1982). 14. A. Robinson: "Loophole closed in quantum mechanics test" Science 219, 40 (7 Jan 1983). 15. B. d'Espagnat: "The quantum theory and reality" Scientific American 241 #5 (November 1979). 16. "Bell's Theorem and Delayed Determinism", Franson, Physical Review D, pgs. 2529-2532, Vol. 31, No. 10, May 1985. 17. "Bell's Theorem without Hidden Variables", P. H. Eberhard, Il Nuovo Cimento, 38 B 1, pgs. 75-80, (1977). 18. "Bell's Theorem and the Different Concepts of Locality", P. H. Eberhard, Il Nuovo Cimento 46 B, pgs. 392-419, (1978). ******************************************************************************** END OF FAQ

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